When you take medication, for example, hay fever, you can’t immediately control your runny nose. After drinking, there is a time lag before the effect comes out. Moreover, the medicine may be cut off, and the runny nose may come out again after time passes some time of taking medicine. 

The field of manufacturing of liquid orals helps us understand this sequence of trends. In this category, pharmacokinetics and other pharmacology are summarized. 

First of all, after taking medicine from the mouth, it goes through four major processes and shows the effect. These initials may be abbreviated as adme. By the way, this adme is pronounced: “adomedo.”  

ADME

First of all, the medicine for pollinosis administered orally is absorbed by the small intestine, sent to the portal vein, and receives metabolism in the liver. 

Drugs that have overcome metabolism take advantage of the systemic circulation and are distributed in the body’s tissues, showing the effect of suppressing runny noses. 

The medicine for hay fever is distributed by oral liquid pharmaceutical manufacturers and shows the effect, but it is metabolized again and excreted in the urine. 

Route of administration 

Drinking pills are not everything. For example, the previous hay fever medicine manufacturing of liquid orals is also used for nasal problems and bronchial infection. 

Examples of other dosage forms include injections, pastings, inhalants, and suppositories from oral liquid pharmaceutical manufacturers on prescription. In oral medicine of the previous, the amount of the medicine which turns to systemic circulation has decreased in response to the liver’s first passing effect. But these dosage forms do not receive the liver first-pass effect because they can directly ride the systemic circulation or show the effect on the auction site. 

Absorption 

Distribution 

Metabolism 

Excretion 

After oral administration of the drug, it is subjected to a flow of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (adme). The absorption of the drug is affected by the non-stirring aqueous layer, dissolution rate, gastric content discharge rate, etc. The drug suffers the fate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. We will start with absorption. 

First, the absorption was to get the drug administered to the blood circulation. In particular, many of the drugs administered orally were absorbed from the small intestine. 

Small intestine 

The small intestine has folded, and if you look more closely, it is covered with villi. The villi are further covered with small intestinal epithelial cells. As an image, it is a bath mat with protrusions. By taking this structure, the surface area becomes enormous. 

The lumen side of small intestine epithelial cells has finer villi called microvilli. This surface is called a brush edge film. Conversely, the part of the bottom on the blood side is called the hypothyroid membrane. 

Cell membranes, such as the brush fringe membrane, are made up of components such as phospholipids and are called lipid double layers. Proteins are embedded in various forms in lipid double layers, providing some fluidity. This is called a fluid mosaic model. 

The drug permeates small intestine epithelial cells consisting of this lipid bilayer. Still, the transmission method is through cell transport that permeates the cells and the intercellular gap transport that permeates the gap between the cells.

Summary

In addition, even oral medicines are absorbed from the mouth’s mucous membranes, such as the sublingual and buccal cavity. So, the liver can avoid the effect of first passing through the liver. For this reason, when considering medicines, the route of administration and dosage form is vital.